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Wednesday, April 14, 2010

cdac hyderabad original ppt on sql database and sql database server from hyderabad

this post consist of information technology database and database management as well as sql database
mainly consist of -
FMS & Disadvantages
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Difficulty in accessing the data
Data isolation
Integrity problems
Atomicity problems
Concurrent access anomalies
Security problems
Database Management System
Control of data redundancy
Sharing of data
Maintenance of Integrity
Control over Security
Data abstraction
Data independence
Data Abstraction

Data Models
-Hierarchal Model
-Network Model
-Relational Model

Relational Data Base Management System Concepts covered below
Let me explain you something-
Data :- It is defined as an information that can be recorded
and that has implicit meaning.

Database : Collection of related data, stored in a standardized format ,designed to be shared by multiple users.

DBMS(Data Base Management System):-
It consists of collection of inter related data and a set of
programs to access the data
It provides a convenient & efficient environment for inserting, retrieving,modifying and storing database information.


Database Applications
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources:employee records, salaries, tax deductions


Basic Concepts

DBMS provides users with an abstract view of data.
It hides the complex data structures for the representation of data in database.
Levels of abstraction
Physical level : Lowest level of abstraction describes how data is stored.

Logical level : Next higher level of abstraction describes what data is stored and the relationships among the data

View level : Highest level of abstraction describes only part of database.

Data Independence
Physical data
independence
Ability to modify the physical schema without causing application programs to be rewritten
Data Model
An integrated collection of concepts for describing data, relationships between data and constraints on the data.

A data model comprises three components:
– a structural part (a set of rules describing how
the database is to be constructed)?
– a manipulative part (defines the types of operations allowed on the data)?
– a set of integrity rules (ensures data accuracy)?

Types of data models
Object-based logical models: Based on collection of objects.
ER-model,object-oriented model
Record-based logical model:Database is structured in fixed format record.
Hierarchical,Network,relational models

Entity-Relationship Model
Example of schema in the entity-relationship model
Hierarchical model
A Hierarchical database consists of a collection of records that are connected to each other through links.

The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure

Parent-child relationship (one-to-one or one-to-many) among data
Hierarchical data model
Hierarchical data model
Network Model

A Network database consists of a collection of records connected to one another through links,which can be viewed as pointers.

The records in the database are organized as collections of arbitrary graphs.

One-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationships possible

Relational Model
A relational model consists of relations which represents data and the relationships among data..
A relation is a two dimensional table with special properties.
A relational table is a collection of columns and rows
columns are called attributes and rows are called tuples.

Properties of Relational Tables
Table name is distinct from all other table names in the database.
Each cell of table contains exactly one atomic (single) value.
Each column has a distinct name.
Values of a column are all from the same domain.
Each record is distinct; there are no duplicate records.
Order of columns has no significance.
Order of records has no significance.
Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model

Relational Keys
Each record in a table must be unique
A super key is a column, or a set of columns, that uniquely identifies a record in a table.
A minimal super key , with no proper subset that is also a super key, is called a candidate key.
A key consisting of more than one column is called a composite key.
A primary key is the candidate key that is selected by the database designer, to uniquely identify records within the table.
– the candidate keys not selected are called
alternate keys.
A foreign key is a column or set of columns within a table that is the candidate key of another table

Relational Integrity
A set of integrity rules ensure that the data is accurate.
Domain Integrity:Defines the domain constraint for each column that restrict the set of values allowed for each column

Entity Integrity:In a table, no column of primary key can be null or duplicate.

Foreign key and Referential Integrity:If a foreign key exists in a table its value must
-either match with candidate key value of some record in the home table
-or be wholly null

Database technology Part-2

THERE ARE MANY UPCOMING TECHNOLOGY DATABASE ABOUT ACCESS DATABASE
what is database
what is database system
what is database development will all be covered in this database presentation

web database technolgy is based on sql database and upcoming database are the fusion oracle database .
Smallest db is couchdb used in Iphone apps and in html5 .

Structured Query Language

It’s a relational database language
SQL commands are the means of communication with DBMS
SQL can be categorized as

DDL(Data Definition Language):Those SQL commands that
Operate on structure of database objects (table)?
Create,Alter,Drop.

DML(Data Manipulation Language): Those SQL commands
that operate on the data stored in the database objects.
Insert,Update,Delete,Select

DCL(Data Control Language): Those SQL commands that
Control the behavior of database objects
Commit,Rollback,Save point

Data types

Character data types
-CHAR(size):Stores fixed length character data.
Max size is 2000 bytes. Default & min size is 1 byte.

-VARCHAR2(size): Stores variable length character strings.
Max size is 4000 bytes, Min size is 1 byte. Must specify size.

-LONG:Columns defined as LONG can store variable-length
character data containing up to two gigabytes of information.

Number data types
-NUMBER(p,s): Stores numbers (fixed or floating point).

DATE: stores date & time. Standard format is
DD-MON-YY HH:MI:SS

Data types

LOB data types: Stores large blocks of unstructured
data (such as text, graphic images, video clips, and
sound waveforms) up to four gigabytes in size.
-BLOB: stores up to four gigabytes of binary data
-CLOB: stores up to four gigabytes of character data.
-BFILE:stores a file locator that points to an external file
containing the data.

RAW/LONG RAW:used to store binary data such as picture
image .
RAW max length 2000 bytes.
LONG RAW: 2gigabytes.

DML consist of-

Create
Alter
Drop

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long time thought to have post on database with ppt presentation and download mateial on postgresql open source database oracle database we have already shown sql oracle database exacmple with java database connectivity
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